Cervicitis: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment
Dr. Panagiotis Polyzos MD PhD MSc
Obstetrician Gynaecologist
Doctor of Medicine, University of Athens Medical School
Panagiotis Polyzos, Gynaecologist Obstetrician, is active at the Institute of Life - IVF Unit of Iaso Maternity Hospital.
Contents
Cervicitis: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment
What is cervicitis
Η Cervicitis is an inflammation of the cervix, typically caused by a bacterial or viral infection, or by minor trauma during intercourse. It is a very common gynecological condition among women of reproductive age. Symptoms may be noticeable and appear quickly, but in many cases, cervicitis can also be completely asymptomatic.
Treatment should focus on addressing the underlying cause. Transmission can occur between sexual partners during intercourse.
Causes and Symptoms of Cervicitis
When symptoms are present, they are usually related to the virus or bacteria responsible. Common symptoms include redness, itching, increased vaginal discharge, unpleasant odor, and chronic pelvic pain. Other symptoms may include abnormal bleeding between periods or after intercourse, and pain during sexual intercourse (dyspareunia).
Cervicitis may result from bacterial, viral, or post-traumatic causes. Bacteria that can be responsible include Ureaplasma, Mycoplasma, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis, and chlamydia. Viruses typically involved are HPV (Human Papillomavirus) and genital herpes. Other causes may include cervical trauma during childbirth, latex allergy from condoms, or irritation or inflammation due to tampon or IUD use.
Diagnosis
To diagnose cervicitis, a clinical examination must be performed by a gynecologist. During the exam, the doctor will perform a PAP test and a vaginal culture. If necessary, a colposcopy may also be conducted to assess the extent of any lesions. The physician will also review your medical history and ask about your sexual history, including the number of partners, condom use, and contraception method.
Treatment and Management
Treatment depends on the underlying cause. If cervicitis is due to trauma from childbirth, specific treatment may not be necessary. If an infection or sexually transmitted disease is identified, then appropriate treatment must be administered. For bacterial infections, oral antibiotics or vaginal suppositories may be prescribed. If HPV is identified, early-stage cases may only require observation, while advanced cases may need intervention such as electrocautery or laser treatment. Genital herpes infections require antiviral medication.
In cases of sexually transmitted infections, both partners must be treated, and abstinence from intercourse is recommended during treatment. Management does not usually differ during pregnancy, but you must inform your doctor and avoid taking any medication without medical approval.
Complications
If cervicitis is not diagnosed and treated early, serious complications may occur — especially in infections of bacterial or viral origin. Potential complications include chronic pelvic pain and ascending pelvic infections such as salpingitis and oophoritis. HPV infection can lead to genital warts and long-term precancerous cervical changes. Chronic bacterial infections (e.g., chlamydia, gonorrhea) may spread to the fallopian tubes or inside the uterus and lead to Infertility or even permanent sterility.
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